Meta Tags go inside the head section of an HTML Page. They are not for the interface but are very important for the browser and SEO purposes. Meta tags consists of many fields like meta-titles, meta-description, and even character encoding.
The basic elements of design are as given below.
Npm stands for Node Package Manager.
NPM are used for Command-line utility to install packages, they do version management and dependency management of Node.js packages.
Webpack is a build tool that puts all of your assets, including Javascript, images, fonts, and CSS, in a dependency graph. Webpack allows you to use require() in your source code to point to local files, like images, and decide how they are processed in your final Javascript bundle, like replacing the path with a URL pointing to a CDN.
We use it for complex Frontend Applications with many non-code static assets like CSS, images, fonts, etc, then yes, Webpack will give you great benefits.
SaSS stands for Syntactically Awesome StyleSheets is a CSS preprocessor that will add power and elegance to the basic language. This allows you to use variables, mixins, nested rules, and inline imports, with a fully CSS-compatible syntax. Sass keeps huge stylesheets well-organized, and get small stylesheets up and run quickly.
JQuery is a library built with the JavaScript language, and JavaScript is the language itself.
Content security Policy is also known as CSP, and is a header in HTML this lets soite operators gain complete control over the resources which are loading on the site.
XSS. – Cross-Site Scripting is an attack that takes place when any attacker uses a web application to send any malicious code, in the form of browser side script, to another user.
User-centered designs are where the designer only focuses on the things according to the needs of users and keeps them in every phase of designing.
JavaScript which uses callbacks and is hard to get the right intuitively. The callbacks which are stacked in the form of pyramid structure.
A new feature in ECMAScript 5 is The Strict mode which lets you place a function, or a program in a “strict” context of operating.
S.O.L.I.D is an object-oriented design principle, and stands for:
S- single responsibility principle
O- open-closed principle
L- Liskov Substitution principle
I- interface segregation principle
D- dependency.
The structure which lets your content be placed on both horizontal and vertical sides in a consistent and manageable way. They have two key components of; Rows and Columns.
The best ways to decrease the page load time are given below.
You can use the HTML <table> tag to create an HTML table.
There are mainly three methods to add CSS or styling to an HTML page.
Eager loading: is the default module-loading approach. Eager loading feature modules are loaded before a program starts. You usually reserve this for applications that are not very large.
Lazy Loading: depends on the demand, when lazy loading dynamically loads the feature modules. It speeds up the application. Lazy loading is useful in larger applications where all the modules are not required right after an application starts.
TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript. It is an object-oriented programming language whose code is compiled in JavaScript. TypeScript supports all JavaScript frameworks and libraries. It aids in production of faster code and leads to better performance.
An app should be compatible with various platforms and should specifically work well on mobile platforms. Applications should properly be checked for user inputs and constant checks should be done for applications for different inputs.
Function Declaration
function abc(){
return 5;
}Function Expression
var a = function abc(){
return
}You can structure your HTML using semantic tags like <header>, <nav>, <main>, and <footer> to create a clear structure for your webpage. You can use CSS3 for styling, apply CSS styles to your HTML elements to create visually appealing interfaces.
HTML elements are the basic building blocks of websites. These are the containers that contain content and provide the structure for websites. They can also be nested within each other to create more complex content. HTML tags are the instructions to tell a browser for how to display the HTML elements.
DOCTYPE stands for “Document Type Definition.” This is a HTML language element that defines the type of document required for a web page, and it has two parts. The document type name and the public identifier.
Window object will have properties like inner width, inner height, length, whether it was previously closed, its parent, and its name. The window is the first thing that gets loaded into the browser. The document object is defined as any document that gets loaded inside the window object, such as HTML, ASPX, or PHP, and has properties such as cookies, title, and URL, to name a few.
UX design or the User Experience design, is the process of designing and enhancing the overall experience that users have while interacting with a product, system, or a service. It will focus on creating user-centered designs that are intuitive, efficient, and enjoyable for usage.
UX design is concerned with the experience and usability of a product, whereas UI design focuses on the visual and interactive elements that enable users to interact with the product. UX design deals with user research, user flows, and overall usability, while UI design deals with the visual presentation and aesthetics of the interface. Both UX and UI design are crucial in creating successful and user-centered designs, and they often work closely together to achieve cohesive and impactful user experiences.
A content delivery network (CDN) is a system that delivers content to users based on geographic location. CDNs can deliver websites, software applications, and other types of digital content.
HTML5, the latest version of HTML, has several new elements and attributes. It also supports audio and video playback and introduces support for local storage.
In HTML4, the standard way to display “Hello World” would be to use the <h1> heading element to represent the heading of the document. Consider the example below.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hello World</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello World</h1>
</body>
</html>In HTML5, the structure and syntax remain similar to HTML4. Here’s an example of displaying “Hello World” in HTML5:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Hello World! Site Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello World!</h1>
</body>
</html>Floats pushes an element to the left or right. The float property can have any one of four values given below.
Reset.css eliminates all browser default styles, such as margin, padding, and border. Normalize.css sets a standard book-like appearance (e.g., bold headings, margins between two paragraphs, common font) across all browsers.
AJAX stands for asynchronous JavaScript and XML and is a client-side process written in JavaScript. It is used to get or post data from a remote server without needing to reload the page.
In React, hooks are functions that allow you to use state and other React features in functional components. They were introduced in React version 16.8 as a way to write reusable logic and manage stateful behavior without using class components.
Hooks have a lot of benefit to us as developers, and they are going to change the way we write components for the better. They already help us to write clearer and more concise code – it’s like we went on a code diet and we lost a lot of weight and we look better and feel better. It brings out our jawline and makes us feel lighter on our toes. It’s the one change that works for us.
To transform a JavaScript object to a string data type, The Stringify method is used.
CSS Box Model consist of 4 elements stated below.
To generate multiple new solutions of exact images on several devices, we can use the Srcset. This will help improve the overall UI.
A version control system (VCS) is a program that keeps record of any changes to a file or set of data. It helps to restore it to a previous version if required. This will guarantee that everyone in the team is working to the most up-to-date version of the file or project.
The Git push command pushes the contents of a local repository to a remote repository. It runs a push after it has changed a local repository to share the changes with remote team members.
Git pull is a command that pulls changes from a remote repository and merges them into the local repository. It’s made up of two sub commands: git fetch and then git merge.
Git Fetch
Git Pull
* {
color: "green";
font-size: 20px;
line-height: 25px;
}
.element1 {
color: "blue";
}
#class1 {
color: "red";
}
ul {
font-size: 20px;
}Media queries are a CSS3 feature that allows us to apply different styles based on the screen’s or device’s width. To use media queries, you should include a viewport meta tag in your HTML. Then, write your CSS code using media queries and integrate it the HTML too.
Higher-order components allows us to encapsulate common functionalities and apply them to multiple components without repeating code. It is a very powerful pattern for code reuse and enhances component behavior in React applications.
A named function can be referenced in the future from anywhere in the code, whereas an anonymous function cannot — although it will run when it occurs in-line
There are a number of distinctions in the two, some of them are as below.
The reverseString function takes a string as an argument and uses the split(), reverse(), and join() methods to reverse it. Here are the details with the code snippet on how to use each method.
function reverseString(str) {
return str.split('').reverse().join('');
}
let reversed = reverseString("hello");
console.log(reversed); // outputs "olleh"Currying is a technique in JavaScript that allows a function to be partially applied, or “pre-filled,” with some of its arguments. There are several situations where this can be useful, for example:
function add(a, b) {
return a + b;
}Promise.resolve(5);
You can pass any type of value we want to Promise.resolve, either a promise or a non-promise. The method itself returns a promise with the resolved value (). If you pass a regular function, it’ll be a resolved promise with a regular value. If you pass a promise, it’ll be a resolved promise with the resolved value of that passed promise. In the case shown above, we only passed the numerical value 5. so it returns a resolved promise with the value 5. The output for this code is 5.
async function getData() {
return await Promise.resolve('I made it!');
}
const data = getData();
console.log(data);
An async function always returns a promise. The await still has to wait for the promise to resolve: a pending promise gets returned when we call getData() in order to set data equal to it. The answer to this will be Promise {}.
const firstPromise = new Promise((res, rej) => {
setTimeout(res, 500, 'one');
});
const secondPromise = new Promise((res, rej) => {
setTimeout(res, 100, 'two');
});
Promise.race([firstPromise, secondPromise]).then(res => console.log(res));
When we pass multiple promises to the Promise.race method, it resolves/rejects the first promise that resolves/rejects. We can pass a timer of 500ms to the setTimeout function for the first promise (firstPromise), and 100ms for the second promise (secondPromise). This means that the secondPromise resolves first with the value of ‘two’. and then holds the value of ‘two’, which gets logged. So the answer will be “two”.
Box Sizing property defines how the height and width of a box can be calculated.
Content Box – The default width and height apply only to the element’s content. Padding and border are added outside the box.
Padding Box – You add the dimensions to both element’s content and padding. It adds the border outside the box.
Border Box – The dimensions are added to the content, padding, and border.
The ‘important’ keyword indicates the highest precedence, and it overrides the cascaded property. against any other similar one applied for the same type of element.
CSS sprites minimize the loading time of a web page by combining multiple small pictures into a single image. They decrease the number of HTTP requests and, as a result, takes longer time for pages to load.
In JavaScript, a callback function is a function that we pass as an argument to another function and executes at a later time or in response to a specific event. The receiving function can then invoke or “call back” the passed-in function to perform some action or provide a result.
Consider the code snippet shown below.
function greet(name, callback) {
console.log("Hello, " + name + "!");
callback();
}
function sayGoodbye() {
console.log("Goodbye!");
}
greet("John", sayGoodbye);An event is an action triggered by the user or any system event, like pressing a key, a mouse key, etc.
In React, you can create an event by attaching event handlers to JSX elements. Event handlers are functions that specify the behavior or action to be taken when a specific event occurs, such as a button click or a form submission.
Here’s an example of creating and handling an event in React:
import React from 'react';
class MyComponent extends React.Component {
handleClick() {
console.log('Button clicked');
}
render() {
return (
<button onClick={this.handleClick}>Click me</button>
);
}
}In this example, we have a MyComponent class component with a handleClick method that logs a message to the console when the button is clicked.
Within the JSX code, we attach the handleClick method to the onClick event of the <button> element. This tells React to call the handleClick method whenever the button is clicked.
When the button is clicked, the handleClick method is executed, and the message “Button clicked” is logged to the console.
React supports various event types such as onClick, onChange, onSubmit, and many more. You can attach event handlers to different elements and respond to specific user actions based on your application’s needs.
Components are the building blocks of a React application that represent a part of the user interface.
A state is an object that stores the values of properties belonging to a component that could change over a period of time.
In React, you can implement state using the useState hook (for functional components) or by extending the React.Component class and using the this.state property (for class components). Consider the example below.
import React, { useState } from 'react';
function MyComponent() {
const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
const increment = () => {
setCount(count + 1);
};
return (
<div>
<p>Count: {count}</p>
<button onClick={increment}>Increment</button>
</div>
);
}
In this example, we use the useState hook to create a state variable called count and a function called setCount to update the state. The initial value of count is set to 0 using the useState hook.
We define an increment function that increases the count state by one when the button is clicked. The updated state is then reflected in the JSX code.
Class Component with this.state:
jsx
Copy code
import React from 'react';
class MyComponent extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
count: 0
};
}
increment() {
this.setState(prevState => ({ count: prevState.count + 1 }));
}
render() {
return (
<div>
<p>Count: {this.state.count}</p>
<button onClick={this.increment.bind(this)}>Increment</button>
</div>
);
}
}A routing library like the React Router provides a declarative way to handle routing and navigation within a React application. It has a step by step procedure to implement routing in the entire application.
Data binding is a method of manipulating web page elements by using a web browser. It is useful in interactive elements like forms, calculators, tutorials, and games on web pages.
Angular used The Two-way Data Binding method. Any modifications made to the user interface mirror the elements in the model state and vice versa.
These concepts deal with asynchronous events. In Angular, Promises deal with one at a time, whereas Observables deal with a sequence of events over time.
Next.js is a framework built on top of React.js. It extends React’s capabilities by providing additional features and functionalities specifically for server-side rendering (SSR), static site generation (SSG), and building full-stack web applications.
The Ionic Framework is a popular open-source framework for building hybrid mobile applications. It leverages web technologies such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to create cross-platform mobile apps that run on iOS, Android, and other platforms.
Ionic and other JavaScript frameworks can work together by leveraging their strengths and integrating them in various ways.
While using Ionic as a UI Framework you can use Ionic alongside other JavaScript frameworks such as Angular, React, or Vue. Ionic provides a library of UI components and styling that can be easily integrated into your existing framework-based application. For example, you can incorporate Ionic components into your React app using the @ionic/react package or utilize Ionic with Vue.js using the @ionic/vue package.
Angular is a full-fledged, opinionated framework that is based on the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architectural pattern. It provides a complete solution for building large-scale applications by offering built-in features like dependency injection, routing, form handling, and state management.
JSX is a JavaScript syntactic extension. It is used in React to describe how the user interface should look like. We can write HTML structures in the same file as JavaScript code by utilizing JSX. It makes the code easier to comprehend and debug, as it avoids use of complex JS DOM structures.
Virtual DOM is the lightweight version of the Real DOM that React retains in memory. It is faster than the Real DOM, as when an object changes its state, The Virtual DOM updates only that object in the real DOM rather than updating every object.
A React component is considered pure if it renders the same output for the same state and props.
React.Component is the base class for React components. React.PureComponent is a variation of React.Component class and does a shallow comparison of props and state.
Pure Components optimize rendering by preventing unnecessary re-renders based on shallow comparisons of props and state. On the other hand, Higher-Order Components are functions that take a component and return an enhanced version with additional functionality or behavior. They are useful for code reuse and enhancing component behavior. While both concepts are useful in different scenarios, they serve distinct purposes in React development.
(AOT) Ahead of Time compilation translates your code as it is being built, rather than when it is downloaded and run by the browser. This guarantees that the browser renders content quickly. Include the —aot option with the ng build or ng serve commands to specify AOT compilation.
The (JIT) Just-in-Time compilation technique converts computer code to machine code while it is being run. Dynamic compilation is another name for it. When you use the ng build or ng serve CLI commands, by default it uses JIT compilation.
SPA (Single Page Application) and SSR (Server Side Rendering) are two different approaches to building web applications.
The choice between SPA and SSR depends on the specific requirements of your application. SPAs are often preferred for complex interactive applications where responsiveness and interactivity are crucial. SSR is preferred for content-heavy websites, improved SEO, or when initial load time is a priority. In some cases, a hybrid approach called “SSR with hydration” can be used, combining the benefits of both approaches.
No, it is not compulsory to use SCSS/SASS for every project, and the normal CSS code is mostly enough.
SCSS/SASS is a preprocessor for CSS that allows you to write CSS with variables, nested selectors, functions, and more. It can help you write more organized and maintainable CSS, and is useful for huge projects. So it is optional for some projects.
A library is a collection of pre-written code that we can reuse to perform specific tasks, such as creating user interfaces or handling network requests. A library typically provides a set of functions or classes that can we can call by the developer’s code to accomplish a particular task. Libraries are designed to be flexible and can be used in a variety of applications.
On the other hand, a framework is a more comprehensive set of tools and conventions that provides a structure for building an entire application. A framework typically includes a set of libraries and tools, as well as a set of rules and best practices that guide the development process. Frameworks provide a more prescriptive approach to application development, and developers must often follow the framework’s guidelines closely to ensure that their code integrates correctly with the rest of the application.
Angular and React are both popular frontend frameworks used for developing web applications. The choice between Angular and React depends on factors such as the project’s complexity, team expertise, requirements, and personal preferences. Angular is suitable for large-scale applications with robust features and built-in tools, while React offers flexibility, performance, and a more lightweight approach to UI development.
When implementing a design with many animations and transitions, you can utilize CSS animations, CSS transitions, and JavaScript-based animation libraries to bring the design to life. Here’s a general approach:
For CSS Animations and Transitions:
transition, transition-property, transition-duration) to smoothly animate changes in CSS properties, such as opacity, position, size, or color.translate, rotate, scale) to create 2D or 3D transformations and animations.Debugging is a common task for frontend developers. Your answer to this question can show the interviewer how you approach problems and solve them. Describe your process in detail, including what tools you use and why they’re important.
User interfaces are the way users interact with a website or application. They include things components like buttons, drop-down menus and other elements that allow people to use software. A good user interface is one that is easy to navigate and understand.
async function* range(start, end) {
for (let i = start; i <= end; i++) {
yield Promise.resolve(i);
}
}
(async () => {
const gen = range(1, 3);
for await (const item of gen) {
console.log(item);
}})();
Option A: Promise {1} Promise {2} Promise {3}
Option. B: Promise {} Promise {} Promise {}
Option C: 1 2 3
Option D: undefined undefined undefined
The generator function range returns an async object with promises for each item in the range we pass: Promise{1}, Promise{2}, Promise{3}. We set the variable gen equal to the async object, after which we loop over it using a for await … of loop. We set the variable item equal to the returned Promise values: first Promise{1}, then Promise{2}, then Promise{3}. Since we’re awaiting the value of item, the resolved promise, the resolved values of the promises get returned: 1, 2, then 3. The correct answer is C.
Ionic to create Progressive Web Apps that can run offline, have an app-like experience, and can be installed on users’ devices. PWAs can leverage service workers, caching, and other web technologies to provide a native-like experience. You can combine Ionic’s UI components with a JavaScript framework of your choice to build PWAs.
Ionic integrates with Cordova (or PhoneGap), to access native device capabilities using JavaScript. Cordova plugins provide a bridge between your JavaScript code and native APIs, and enable features like camera access, geolocation, push notifications, and more. You can use Cordova plugins in conjunction with any JavaScript framework, including Ionic, to add native functionality to your hybrid mobile app.
Ionic CLI and Tooling: The Ionic Command Line Interface (CLI) provides a set of useful commands to create, build, and test your Ionic apps. The CLI simplifies the development process by automating common tasks such as project setup, building, and running the app on emulators or physical devices.
In Angular, two-way data binding is a feature that allows synchronization of data between the component and the template in both directions. It enables automatic updates to the data in the component when the user interacts with the template, as well as updates to the template when the data in the component changes.
The [(ngModel)] directive is used for two-way data binding. It combines the property binding ([ngModel]) and event binding ((ngModelChange)) into a single directive.
Animation libraries like as GSAP (GreenSock Animation Platform), Anime.js, and Framer Motion provide advanced animation capabilities, timeline control, and additional easing functions. These animation libraries offer a more fine-grained control over animations, including options for sequencing, delays, callbacks, and advanced effects.
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